The core at the Middle East 'conflict

The core at the Middle East 'conflict' is about anti-Jewish bigotry.

* The intolerance started mainly since Sheikh Suleiman al-Taji al-Faruqi wrote a hateful poem in Falastin newspaper on November 8, 1913 mixing Quranic ideas with old anti Semitic stereotypes (leading to the 1914 closure of the newspaper by the Turks for inciting race-hatred). Then by Haj Amin al-Husseini in the 1920s. The Mufti also chose to "believe" in ancient blood libel.

* The brunt of the victims in brutality, with genocidal cries, 1920, 1921 and especially in Hebron 1929 massacre, were non-Zionist pious-Jews.

* March 1933, within weeks of Hitler's coming to power, the Mufti already approached German's council and offered alliance.

* May 1933, Falastin newspaper glorified Hitler as "noble" and justified his persecution of the Jews.

* September 1933, Eissa Bendak, editor of the radical bi-weekly Sawt Al Shaab has left for Paris to receive instructions from a group of Germans and Arabs on "conducting Nazi propaganda" in Palestine.

* Ibrahim a-Shanti's 1934 founded the newspaper 'Ad Difa'a' was very pro Hitler, even publishing portions of Mein Kampf.

* Emil Ghuri's Arab Federation paper on July 7, 1934: " Hitler whom the Arabs admire very much."

* May 1935, when delegates returned from an Arab youth conference in Haifa, their train to Afula bore a swastika chalked on one of the coaches with an Arabic inscription beneath it reading "Germany above All."

* June 1935, Arabs in Haifa form Nazi club, called 'Red Moon,' well funded by the Nazis. "Groups of brown-clad Arab youths are now organized."

* 1936, Grand Mufti with Jamal al-Husseini established the Futuwwa modeled on Hitler Youth.

* 1936-1937, Hitler's book Mein Kampf - a best sellers among radical Arabs in Palestine.

* Jan 1937, Istiqlal’s Auni Abd al-Hadi told Nazi magazine: "Arabs Like the Nazis."

* 1937, ahead of the Bludan conference, the Grand Mufti, (after Nashashibi left the Arab Higher Committee) sent a warning (officially by the Arab Higher Committee) to other Arab countries (including Lebanon) in the Middle East not to accept any Jews. Apart from Ahmad Shukeiri giving over his nessage at the Bludan conference, the Mufti sent also a hate-filled booklet (published on August 18 by Mohamed Ali Eltaher) and it was distributed there. It was used in his 1943 recruitment of SS Bosnian Muslims. This marked the second phase, after false accusation about the Al Aqsa -- on Temple Mount -- by which the Mufti used Islamic themes or its historic events, and now via his interpretation, for hate, to galvanize the masses.

* 1937, Walter Doehle, German consul in Jerusalem: 'Palestinian Arabs in all social strata have great sympathies for the new Germany and its Fรผhrer...'

* August 1938, a "Palestine" ball was held at the Arab club in Berlin, some of the leaders of the Nazi party also participated.

* September, 1938, around 100 representatives from Arab Palestine at Nazi conference in Nuremberg.

* October 7-11, 1938:  the World Interparliamentary Conference for Arab and Muslim Countries in Cairo, organized by the Muslim Brotherhood, "in defense of Palestine." Arabic translations of Mein Kampf and the forgery Protocols of the Elders of Zion - distributed.

* Oct 26, 1938, in Mohamed Ali Eltaher's published "Al-Shabab" [The Youth] paper.
it stated "Allah is the guardian of the people of Palestine who have neither Hitler nor a nation for them."

* May 1939, Istiqlal's Auni 'abd al-Hadi, meets Nazi officials in Berlin.

* June 29, 1939, journalist John Gunther, "the greatest contemporary Arab hero -- Adolf Hitler."

* July 1939, Issa Nakhleh, responding to Rabbi J. Shachter of N. Ireland (June 21 leter to the Manchester Guardian), defends Arab propaganda office in Nazi Germany.

* Hitler's "Voice of the Arabs" radio, started with Yunis Behari, and was especially reinforced by the Mufti after 1941. His hate broadcasts from Berlin, in which he also called on all Arabs to "kill the Jews wherever they are - this is pleasing to Allah".

 * A survey by Mr. Sari Sakanini in Palestine in February 1941 found that 88 percent of the Arabs supported the Nazis.

* Ahmad Shukeiri, would later testify in his 1969 book: "Our sympathies were with the Axis powers led by Hitler."

* PLO's Farouk Qaddoumi would on Dec 7, 2013 admit the Arab Palestinians supported Hitler because both opposed Zionism.

* 1941, together with other Arabs, (including from Palestine: Akram Zuaiter and Darwish al-Miqdadi), instigate to the Farhud massacre that happened in June 1941 in Iraq, where some say even a thousand Jews died.  There was gang rape and children were thrown into the water in front of their parents.

* The married immoral Mufti spent the war years 1941-1945 in Berlin, surrounded by German women and received a lot of money.

*  1939-1944, the Nazi periodical in Arabic, "Barid al Sharq" (The Orient Post, by Kamal al Din al Galal) which included contributors, Shakib Arslan, the Mufti and Younes Bahri.

* 1942 - The mufti plans to build crematoria, like Auschwitz, for the Jews of the Middle East, in the Dotan Valley.

* August 1942, American Intelligence report on a majority of Arabs in Palestine firercly anti Jewish, eagerly awaiting Rommel. 

* 1943, the mufti with Rashid Ali al-Gaylani, accompanied by Nazi officials, visits the Trebbin concentration camp.  In addition to eyewitnesses, another visit to the third Auschwitz - "Monowitz".

 * 1943 between the spring and October 29: for six months the mufti urged the Nazis to bomb cities with Jewish settlements, especially Tel Aviv.  In addition, he suggested carrying out the attack on November 2 - the anniversary of the Balfour Declaration.

* By the way, not only the mufti worked with the Nazis. There were like 200 Arabs with him, mainly from Palestine.

* After the war, the mufti's prestige among Palestine Arabs rather grew - becuae if his activity.  He won the jubilation of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt.
The notorious anti-Semite Nazi Johann von Leers (Omar Amin) was accepted in Egypt by the Mufti and he became the political adviser of the Department of Information under Muhammad Naguib and Gamal Abdel Nasser.  He also helped Nazi Ernst-Wilhelm Springer escape to Egypt.

* 1945, ahead of Nurenmberg trials, Falastin newspaper Defends Nazism as any other political form.

* 1946, after the Nuremberg executions, Arabic newspapers in the land: Al-Wahda, Al-Difaa and Falastin carry admiration for dead Nazi war criminals.

* 1946, although the Mufti "was not allowed to enter Palestine, the Arab League now installed him as the new leader of the Palestinian Arabs with an annual budget of £10,000."

* The mufti's student, Ahmad Shukeiri (who helped the mufti's gang kill his brother Dr. Anwar Shukeri on June 8, 1939) and his accomplice Jamal al-Husseini, both justified the Holocaust in 1946.

* 1947, Arabs recruit ex Nazis to fight the Jews. All in all. Some research showed, around 1,000 of them.

* 1947, Issa Nakhleh would work for the Mufti in the Arab Higher Committee, then agitating in Argentina (- including praising Nazi Germany in his publication he edited for the Arab League), then coming back to the US and spread venomous propaganda for decades (1960s, 1970s, 1980s) with neo-Nazis.

* 1947-1948, Arab leadership including the Mufti, told the Arabs of Palestine to leave the land till "victory."

* The Arab League worked with Neo Nazis on South America in the 1960s. And the Palestinian terrorists were linked with Neo Nazis in the 1960s such as with Nazi financier Franรงois Genoud [Genaud]. Asudes from the Robert Courdroy example. Groups were linked with Nazis or/and neo-Nazis in the 1970s-1980s, among names: Otto Ernst Remer, L'Oeuvre Francaise, Karl-Heinz Hoffmann, Udo Albrecht, Willi Pohl / Voss (pseudonym E. W. Pless) - Max Abramowski, Jean Roberts Debbaudt, Jean Thiriart, von Kyna, Walther Kexel - Odfried Hepp, Manfred Rรถder, Volker-Heidel, etc.

* Ask yourself, had all the Israelis been ethnicaly Arab or most of them Muslim, would there then even be a conflict?  = 'Arab racism!' / radical 'Islamist bigotry!'

* Returning to a historic homeland has nothing to do with "racism" and the 2001-Durban Hitlerist propaganda especially by Arab Lawyers Union and others, showed the bitter irony of racists masked as "anti-Racist".

* One can not detach bigotry from Ahmad Shukairy's invention of the "apartheid" false-analogy in 1961 (a little bit over a year after he had promoted a neo-Nazi group and quoting the  Sep.16.1962 New York Times article which in fact states the Nazi nature of the group - he's also infamous for the "none of them will survive" genocidal "prediction" ahead of the Six-Day war), or of Omar Shakir's anti-Israel activities since 2010  and abusing the HRW group in 2021 for this propaganda in falsifying or misrepresenting facts (including on genuine fear of Arab terror, misrepresenting Israeli multi-Color as well as multi-ethnic society, as if they were all white) and via changing the 'Apartheid' definition to fit his propaganda.
How much does the Arab world know (or want to) or BDS "activists" and such want the world to know about wide preferential treatment for Arabs over Jews, including in courts' decisions, academia, employment and more?

* Praising Hitler, denying the Holocaust and creating (hateful, racially motivated) fake comparisons to clashes and security measures are all happening at once.

* If anti-Israel bigoted propaganda had any truth in it, then why do the Israelis keep going into trouble, risking its soldiers lives, and  even inventing measures only to minimize Arab casualties when going after terrorists?

* If the Arab leadership or anti-Israel "activists" were worried for Arab lives more than defaming Israel - then, when was the last time it condemned the use of civilians as human shields, school, places of worship, or shooting from densely populated areas?

* The 113 UNRWA teachers between 2015-2022 engaging in pro terror and many in anti-Semitism, including pro Hitler propaganda.

* By the way, the TikTok (since April 2021) attacks by many Arabs and getting thousands of feedback from other Arabs are attacks against pious Jews in Jerusalem who (most) are not Zionist and even refuse to serve in the IDF. The same is the, (past and present), anti-Semitic cartoons in Arab media often of clearly visible such pious Jews. Worst is, the terror massacres specifically targeting such communities in various cities. Also the sick routine of cheering, celebrating publicly when Jews are murdered. Which again, shows the underlying 'racism' motivation behind it all, in principle.


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ุชู… ุชุตู…ูŠู… "ุงู„ูƒุณูƒุณ" ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ู‚ู†ุงุฉ ู…ูƒุงูุญุฉ ุงู„ูŠู‡ูˆุฏูŠุฉ.


 * ูˆุงุตู„ ุณูˆูู„ู†ูˆุช ููŠ ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ุญุฏูˆุฏ ู…ู† ุณู„ูŠู…ุงู† ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชุงุฌ ุงู„ูุงุฑูˆู‚ูŠ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูƒุชุจ ููŠ ูู„ุณุทูŠู† ููŠ 8 ุจู†ูˆู…ุจุฑ 1913 ، ูˆุจูˆ  ุฃูุถู„ ุงู„ู†ุณุฎ ุงู„ู‚ุฑุขู†ูŠุฉ ุฐุงุช ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ ุงู„ุงุณุชุฑูŠูˆุชูŠุฉ  ู…ุถุงุฏุงุช ุงู„ุฃูƒุณุฏุฉ (ู…ุง ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุณู„ุณู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุธู‡ุฑุช ุนู„ู‰ ูŠุฏ ุชูˆุฑูƒูŠูŠู… ููŠ ุนุงู… 1914 ู…ู†ุฐ ุฃู† ุชู… ุฅู†ุดุงุคู‡ุง).  ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู„ุฎุฑูˆุฌ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู†' ุฃู…ูŠู† ุงู„ุญุณูŠู†ูŠ ุฅู„ุง 20.  ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃูŠุถًุง ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก "ู„ุฃู…ูŠู†" ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุฃุญุฏุซ ุงู„ุชู‚ู†ูŠุงุช.


 * ุจุฏุฃ ุฅู†ุดุงุก ุงู„ูƒูˆุฑุจุงู† ููŠ ุนุงู… 1920 ู…ุน 1921 ูˆุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุนุงู… 1929، ูˆู‡ูˆ ูŠู‡ูˆุฐุง ุฏูˆูƒูŠู… ู„ุง ุณูŠูˆู†ูŠู….


 * ููŠ ุนุงู… 1933، ุจุฏุฃุช ุงู„ุฃุจูˆุงู‚ ููŠ ุงู„ุธู‡ูˆุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุชู„ุฑ ู„ุดูŠู„ุชูˆู†، ุญูŠุซ ุชู… ุงูุชุชุงุญ ุฃูƒุจุฑ ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ููŠ ุฃู„ู…ุงู†ูŠุง ูˆุฃู„ู…ุงู†ูŠุง.


  * ููŠ ู…ุงูŠูˆ 1933، ู„ุฌุฃุช ูู„ุณุทูŠู† ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ุชู„ุฑ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุฅุฑุณุงู„ ุงู„ูŠู‡ูˆุฏ.


 * ุณุจุชู…ุจุฑ 1933، ุนูŠุณู‰ ุจู†ุฏูƒ، ู…ู† ุฃุตู„ ุฃู„ู…ุงู†ูŠ "ุตูˆุช ุฅู„ู‰ ุณุทุญ" ู‡ูˆ ู…ู† ูุฑู†ุณุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู„ู…ุงู†ูŠุง ูˆุฃูˆุฑูˆุจุง ุงู„ุบุฑุจูŠุฉ.  "ู†ูŠุงู‡ูˆู„ ุตู…ูˆู„ุง ู†ุงุฒูŠุฉ" ุจุงุฑูŠุฒ ุฅุณุฑุงุฆูŠู„.


 * ุฃุจุฑุงู‡ุงู… ุดุงู†ุชูŠ، ู†ุดุฃ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุนู…ู„ "ู…ู†ุฐ ุฏูŠูุงู‡ุง" ููŠ ุนุงู… 1934، ูƒุงู† ู‡ูˆ ู…ูˆุฏ ุจุฑูˆ ู‡ูŠุชู„ุฑ، ูˆู‡ูˆ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ู…ู† "ู…ุนุณูƒุฑ ู…ูŠู†".


 * ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ูุฑู†ุณูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู…ู„ ุจ-7 ุจูˆู„ูŠ 1934: "ู‡ูŠุชู„ูŠุฑ، ุฃูˆุชูˆ ู‡ุฑุจูŠู… ู…ุงูˆุฏุฒ".


 * ููŠ ู…ุงูŠูˆ 1935، ุธู‡ุฑุช ุฃุญุฏุซ ุงู„ุฅุตุฏุงุฑุงุช ููŠ ุบุฑุจ ุฃูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง، ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃุฏุช ุฅู„ู‰ ุฅู†ุดุงุก ุณูŠู„ููŠ ูƒุฑูŠุณ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃุญุฏ ูƒุฑูˆู†ูˆุช، ูˆุงู„ุชู…ู‡ูŠุฏ  ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ุงู„ุนุจุฑูŠุฉ "ุฃู„ู…ุงู†ูŠุง ูƒุงู…ู„ุฉ".


 * ูŠูˆู†ูŠูˆ 1935، ุชู… ุฅู†ุดุงุก ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุจุงู†ูŠ ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ุจุงุณู… "ู‡ูŠุฑุฎ ุขุฏูˆู…"، ูˆู‡ูˆ ูƒุชุงุจ ุนู„ู‰ ูŠุฏ ู‡ุงู†ูŠุฒูŠู….   "ุงู„ู…ุฌุงู„ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุจุงุชุงุช ุฐุงุช ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฑุชูุนุฉ."


 * 1936، ูˆู„ุฏ ูƒุจูŠุฑ ู…ุน ุฌู…ุงู„ ุงู„ุญุณูŠู†ูŠ ูˆู‡ูˆ ูŠุณุชุนุฏ ู„ู„ุฑุญูŠู„ ุนู† ู‡ุชู„ุฑ.


 * 1936-1937، ุณุจุฑูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ุชู„ุฑ "ู…ุฎูŠู… ู…ูŠู†" - ุฃูุถู„ ู…ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠุญุฏุซ ููŠ ุจุงุฑูŠู† ุฅุณุฑุงุฆูŠู„.


 * ููŠ ุนุงู… 1937، ุธู‡ุฑ ุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ููŠ ุนุงู… 1937 ู„ู„ู…ุบู†ูŠุฒ: "ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠ ูƒุงู…ูˆ ู‡ุงู†ุงุฒูŠ".


 * 1937، ู„ูƒุฑุงุช ูˆุฃูŠุฏูŠุช ุจู„ูˆุฏุงู† (ุดุจุณูˆุฑูŠุง)، ู…ูˆุจุชูŠ ู‡ุฌูˆู„ (ู„ุงุฎุฑ ุดู†ุงุดูŠุจูŠ ุดุนูŠุจุฉ ู‡ู‡ูˆูŠุฏุง ู‡ุฑุจูŠุช ู‡ุงู„ูŠูˆู†ุง) ุนู„ู‰ ุฅุฒู‡ุงุฑุง (ุฑุณู…ูŠู…ูŠ ุนู„ู‰  ูŠุฏูŠ ู‡ูˆูุฏุง ู‡ูŠุฑููŠุด ู‡ุงู„ูŠู†ุง) ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุฉ  ุขุฎุฑ (ูƒู„ ู„ุจู†ูˆู†) ูŠุชู… ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุชุตู…ูŠู… ู„ุง ู„ู„ูŠู‡ูˆุฏ.  ู…ูˆู„ูˆุฏ ุฃุญู…ุฏ ุณูˆูƒูŠุฑูŠ ุดู…ุณุฑ ู‡ูˆ ู…ุดุฑูˆุน ุจูˆู„ู†ุฏูŠ ุจู„ูˆุฏ, ูŠุชูˆุงุฌุฏ ููŠ ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ููŠ ู…ุงู„ุทุง ุณู†ุฉ (ุณุจุงู‚ ุจ-18 ​​ุจูˆุฌูˆุณุช ุนู„ู‰ ูŠุฏ ู…ุญู…ุฏ ุนู„ูŠ)  ุงู„ุทุงู‡ุฑ) ูˆู‡ูŠุง ุดูˆูู‡ุง ุดู….   ูƒุงู† ุงู„ู…ุณู„ู…ูˆู† ุงู„ูƒุจุงุฑ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ุนุงู… 1943.  ุฅุฎู„ุงุก ุงู„ู…ุณุคูˆู„ูŠุฉ ุนู† ุงู„ุดุฑูƒุงุช ุงู„ู…ุตู†ุนุฉ  ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู‚ุตุต ุฅุณู„ุงู…ูŠุฉ ุฃูˆ ุจูŠุฑูˆูŠุฉ, ุจู…ุง ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุณุฑุฏ, ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก.


 * 1937، ููˆู„ุชุฑ ุฏูˆู„ู‡، ู‚ู†ุตู„ ุฃู„ู…ุงู†ูŠุง ููŠ ุจูŠุฑูˆุณู„ูŠู…: "ู„ู„ุนุฑุจ ุงู„ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ูŠูŠู† ูƒู„ ู…ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุฃู† ูƒู„ ู…ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ุฃุญุฏًุง ุฑุงุจุง ู„ุฃู„ู…ุงู†ูŠุง ูƒุงู† ุฌุฏูŠุฏุง ูˆู„ููŠู‡ุฑ"  ุณู„ุงู‡...'


 * ุฃุบุณุทุณ 1938، ูˆู„ุงุฏุฉ "ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ูŠุฉ"  ู…ู† ุจุฑู„ูŠู† ุฅู„ู‰ ุจุฑู„ูŠู†, ุชู… ุฃูŠุถًุง ุชุฌุณูŠุฏ ุงู„ุญุถุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ู†ู…ุณุงูˆูŠุฉ.


 * ุณุจุชู…ุจุฑ 1938، ุฏุจุงุจุงุช K-100 ู…ู† ุทุฑุงุฒ ู…ุงูู„ุณุชูŠู† ุชู†ุทู„ู‚ ู…ู† ุจุงู†ูŠุฑู†ุจุฑุฌ.


 * 7-11 ุฃูƒุชูˆุจุฑ 1938: ู‡ูˆููŠุฏุง ุชุชู‚ุฏู… ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุจุฑู„ู…ุงู† ุงู„ุจุฑูŠุทุงู†ูŠ ู„ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ุงู„ุฑูŠุงุถ ูˆุงู„ู…ุณู„ู…ูŠู†، ูˆุชุดุฑู ุนู„ู‰ ุฃูŠุฏูŠ ุงู„ู…ุณู„ู…ูŠู†،  "ู„ุญู† ูู„ุณุทูŠู†".   ู†ุดุงุทุงุช ุงู„ุชุฎูŠูŠู… ููŠ ู…ูŠู† ูˆู…ุนุฏุงุช ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูˆูƒูˆู„ุงุช ููŠ ุฒู†ุฒุงู†ุฉ - ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ.


 * 26 ุฃูƒุชูˆุจุฑ 1938، ู…ุณุงุจู‚ุฉ "ุงู„ุดุจุงุจ" [ุงู„ู†ูˆุฑ] ุนู„ู‰ ูŠุฏ ู…ุญู…ุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุทุงู‡ุฑ.

 ู…ูƒุชูˆุจ ุนู„ูŠู‡ "ุงู„ู„ู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุตูŠู ู…ู† ุฃู†ุดูŠ ูู„ุณุทูŠู† ู„ูŠุณ ู„ู‡ู… ู„ุง ู‡ุชู„ุฑ ูˆู„ุง ุฃู…ุฉ ู„ูุนู„ู‡ู…".


 * ููŠ ู…ุงูŠูˆ 1939، ุจุฏุฃ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ููŠ ู…ูˆุณูƒูˆ ู…ุน ุฎุฑูŠุฌูŠ ุจุฑู„ูŠู†.


 * ูŠูˆู†ูŠ 1939، ุชุฃู„ูŠู ุฌูˆู† ุฌูˆู†ุชุฑ، "ุฌูŠุจูˆุฑ ู‡ุฑูŠุจ ู‡ูˆุฌูˆู„ ุจูŠูˆุชุฑ ููŠ ุฒู…ุงู†ูˆ - ุฃุฏูˆู„ู†ุฒ ู‡ูŠุชู„ุฑ".


ููŠ ูŠูˆู„ูŠูˆ 1939، ุฏุงูุน ุนูŠุณู‰ ู†ุฎู„ุฉ ุนู† ู…ูƒุชุจ ุงู„ุฏุนุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠ ููŠ* ุฃู„ู…ุงู†ูŠุง ุงู„ู†ุงุฒูŠุฉ، ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ุฑุฏุงً ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญุงุฎุงู… ุฌ. ุดุงุฎุชุฑ ู…ู† ุฃูŠุฑู„ู†ุฏุง ุงู„ุดู…ุงู„ูŠุฉ (ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูƒุงู† ู‚ุฏ ูˆุฌู‡ ุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุตุญูŠูุฉ "ุงู„ุฌุงุฑุฏูŠุงู†" ููŠ 21 ูŠูˆู†ูŠูˆ).


  * ุฑุงุฏูŠูˆ "ูƒูˆู„ ู‡ูŠุฑุจูŠู…" ู…ู† ู‡ุชู„ุฑ، ุชู… ุจุซู‡ ู…ุน ูŠูˆู†ุณ ุจุงู‡ุงุฑูŠ، ูˆุชู… ุจุซู‡ ู…ู†ุฐ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† 1941.  ุจุฑู„ูŠู†, ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุงู„ ู„ูƒู„ ุฃุนุดุงุจ "ู„ู„ู‡ุฑูˆุฌ"  "ุฅู† ุงู„ูŠู‡ูˆุฏ ุจุนุฏู‡ู… ู‡ู… - ุฐู„ูƒ ุฑุฒู‚ ุงู„ู„ู‡".


 * ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ู…ูŠู„ุงุฏ ุณุงุฑูŠ ุงู„ุณูƒุงูƒูŠู†ูŠ ููŠ ุจุงุฑูŠ ุฅุณุฑุงุฆูŠู„ ููŠ ุจุจุฑูˆุงุฑ 1941 ู…ู†ุฐ 88 ุนุงู…ًุง ุจุณุจุจ ุงู„ุจู†ุฒุงูŠุฏ.


* ุฃุญู…ุฏ ุณูˆูƒูŠุฑูŠ ูŠุฒูŠุฏ ุนู…ุฑู‡ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุณู†ุฉ 1969: "ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุฃุนูŠุด ู…ุน ูƒู„ ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ู‚ุงุฏู… ุจุฑุงุณูˆุช ู‡ุชู„ุฑ."


 * ูุงุฑูˆู‚ ุฏูˆู… ู…ุงุด" ู‡ูˆุฏุง ููŠ 7 ุฏูŠุณู…ุจุฑ 2013، ุฑุญู„ ุงู„ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ูŠูˆู† ุนู† ุจูŠุชู„ุฑ ู…ู† ู…ูˆุงู„ูŠุฏ ุชุงู†ุบุงุฏูˆ.


 * 1941، ุงู„ูŠู‡ูˆุฏ ู…ุน ุนุฑุจ ุฃุญุฑูŠู… (ูƒู„ ู…ุงุจู„ุณุชูŠู†: ุฃูƒุฑู… ุฒุนูŠุชุฑ)  ูˆุฏุฑูˆูŠุด ุงู„ู…ู‚ุฏุณูŠ)، ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‚ุถู‰ ู†ุญุจู‡ ููŠ ุจูŠูˆู†ูŠ ุนุงู… 1941، ูˆู‡ูˆ ูŠูˆู…ุฑูŠู… ุดุงุจูŠู„ูˆ ุฃู„ุฒ ูŠู‡ูˆุฏ ู†ู‡ุฑุฌูˆ.  ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุฒุงุฑุน ุงู„ู…ุชุฎุตุตุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุนูŠุด ููŠ ูƒู„ ู…ูƒุงู†.


 * ู…ู…ุชุงุฒ  ุฃู†ุดูˆูŠ ูˆูŠู‡ุงู„ุง ู…ูˆุณุฑูŠ ูƒุงู†ุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุญุฑุจ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ 1941-1945 ุจุฑู„ูŠู†، ุฃู„ู…ุงู†ูŠุง، ุฃู„ู…ุงู†ูŠุง، ุฃู„ู…ุงู†ูŠุง.


  * 1939-1944، ูƒุชุงุจ ู‡َู†ุงุฒู‰ ุจุงู„ูุฑู†ุณูŠุฉ، "ุจุฑูŠุฏ ุงู„ุดุฑู‚" (ุฃูˆุฑูŠู†ุช ุจูˆุณุช، ู…ุงุฎ)  ูƒู…ุงู„ ุงู„ุฏูŠู† ุขู„ ุฌู„ุงู„) schallal turrimimes kamu: ุดูƒูŠุจ ุฃุฑุณู„ุงู†، ู…ูˆุจุชูŠ ููŠูˆู†ุณ ุจุงูุงุฑูŠ.


 * 1942 - ุชู… ุฅู†ุดุงุก ู…ุตู†ุน ู„ู„ุจู†ูˆุชุงุช، ุจู…ุง ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุฃูˆุดูˆูŠู†، ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุงู„ุชุตู…ูŠู… ุงู„ูŠู‡ูˆุฏูŠ، ููŠ ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌ.


 *  ุฃุบุณุทุณ 1942، ุชู… ุงู„ุชุญุฏูŠุซ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูŠุฏ ุฑูˆุจ ุจุงุฑูŠุฒ ุถุฏ ุตูˆุงุฑูŠุฎ ุฅุณุฑุงุฆูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุถุงุฏุฉ ู„ู„ูŠู‡ูˆุฏ، ููŠ ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฑูˆู…ูŠู„.


 * 1943, ุงู„ูŠู‡ูˆุฏ ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏูˆู† ู…ุน ุฑุดูŠุฏ ุนู„ูŠ ุงู„ุฌูŠู„ุงู†ูŠ, ุจู„ูŠูˆูŠ ุงููƒูŠุฏูŠูˆู† ู†ุงุฒูŠูˆู†, ู…ุจูƒุฑ ููŠ ู‡ุงุฑูŠูƒูˆ ุชุฑุงุจูŠู†.  ุจู†ูˆุณ ุฅู„ู‰ ุขุฎุฑ ุฑุงูŠุฉ, ุจูŠูƒูˆุฑ ู†ูˆุณ ุจุงูˆุดูˆูŠู† ู‡ุงุดูŠู„ูŠุด - "ู…ูˆู†ูˆุจูŠู†".


 * 1943 ุจูŠู† ุญุจูŠุจ ุฅู„ู‰ 29 ุฃูƒุชูˆุจุฑ: ุชู… ุงู„ุนุซูˆุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃุญุฏุซ ุงู„ุฃุฎุจุงุฑ ููŠ ูƒู„ ู…ูƒุงู† ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุงู„ุฎุฑูˆุฌ ู…ู† ุงู„ูŠู‡ูˆุฏ ู…ุน ูŠู‡ูˆุฏ ุงู„ูŠู‡ูˆุฏ، ูˆู…ู† ุซู…  ุฃุจูŠุจ.   ุจุงู„ุฅุถุงูุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ، ุชู… ุชุทูˆูŠุฑู‡ ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ุจูŠุฌูˆ ุจ-2 ุจู†ูˆุจู…ุจุฑ - ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ู‡ูˆ ุนุฑุถ ุจู„ููˆุฑ.


 * ู†ุนู…, ู„ุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุนู…ู„ ูƒุงู…ู„ ู…ุน ุงู„ู†ูŠุงุฒูŠูˆู….  ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ 200 ุทุงุฆุฑ, ููŠูƒุฑ ู…ุงูู„ุณุชูŠู†.


 * ู„ุง ูŠุฒุงู„ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ, ูŠูƒุฑุชูˆ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆุทู†ุฉ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฌู…ูŠู„ุฉ ู„ู…ุงุฏูŠ - ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุงู„ู†ุงุฒุญุฉ.  ู„ู‚ุฏ ุญุฏุซ ู‡ุฐุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ู…ุณู„ู…ูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌ.

 ู…ุจูŠุฏุงุช ุงู„ุญุดุฑุงุช ุงู„ู…ุถุงุฏุฉ ู„ู„ุดู…ุณ, ูŠูˆู‡ุงู†ุณูˆู† ููˆู† ู„ูŠุฑุณ (ุจุนุฏ ุฃู…ูŠู†), ุญูˆุงุฌุฒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุทุฑู‚ ุงู„ูˆุนุฑุฉ ูˆู…ุญู„ุงุช ู„ูŠูˆู† ุงู„ุจูˆู„ูŠุชูŠุฉ  ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู… ุฅุฌุฑุงุคู‡ุง ููŠ ู†ุฌูŠุจ ูˆุฌู…ุงู„ ุนุจุฏ ุงู„ู†ุงุตุฑ.  ู„ู‚ุฏ ุฃุตุจุญ ุฃูŠุถًุง ู†ุงู†ุณูŠ ุฅุฑู†ุณุช-ูˆูŠู„ูŠุงู… ุณุจุฑูŠู†ุฌุฑ ู„ุฎูˆุถ ุงู„ุชุฌุงุฑุจ.


 * ููŠ ุนุงู… 1945، ุชู… ุฅู†ุดุงุก ู†ูŠุฑู†ุจุฑุฎ ุงู„ู…ูƒุดูˆูุฉ "ูู„ุณุทูŠู†" ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ู†ุงุฒูŠูŠู† ูƒู…ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ููŠ ูƒู„ ู…ูƒุงู† ุณูŠุงุณูŠ ุขุฎุฑ.


 * 1946، ุขุฎุฑ ุธู‡ูˆุฑ ู„ู‡ูˆุฑุบ ุจู†ูŠุฑู†ุจุฑุบ، ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ู…ู† ุจุงุฑู†: "ุงู„ูˆุญุฏุฉ"، "ุงู„ุถูŠูุฉ" ูˆ"ูู„ุณุทูŠู†"  ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุฃุฎุฑู‰.


 * 1946، ู„ู…ุฑูˆุชุณ ุดุงู…ูˆุจุชูŠ "ู„ุง ูŠุฎูŠูู‡ุง ู‡ุงูƒู†ุฒ ู„ูู„ุณุทูŠู†، ู‡ุฌุฑุฉ ู‡ุฑุจูŠุช ู…ู† ุฃูˆุชูˆ ุฅู„ู‰ ู‚ูŠุงุฏุฉ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ููŠ ุนุฑุจ ูู„ุณุทูŠู† ุจุงู„ุชุตูˆูŠุฑ"  ู‡ู†ุงูƒ 10,000 ู„ูŠุฑุฉ ู„ุจู†ุงู†ูŠุฉ.


 * ุณู„ุงู… ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุชุฌุฑ,  ุฃุญู…ุฏ ุดูƒุฑูŠ (ุงู„ุฑุฆูŠุณ ุงู„ุชู†ููŠุฐูŠ ู„ุฅุฎุฑุงุฌ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุฃู†ูˆุฑ ุงู„ุณูƒุฑูŠ ุจ-8 ุจูŠูˆู†ูŠ 1939) ูˆุฌู…ูŠู„ ุงู„ุญุณูŠู†ูŠ، ุตุงุฏู‚ูˆ  ุจุฏุฃูˆุง ููŠ ุนุงู… 1946.


 * 1947، ุชู… ุฅุทู„ุงู‚ ุณุฑุงุญ ุงู„ู‚ุถุงุฉ ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุงู„ูŠู‡ูˆุฏ.  ููŠ ูƒู„ ุงู„ุฃุญูˆุงู„, ุฃุญูˆุงุถ ุงู„ุณุจุงุญุฉ ู‡ูŠุฑูˆ, ุฅู„ู‰ 1,000 ุฃู….


* 1947، ุชู… ุฅู†ุดุงุกู‡ ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ุจูˆฺคูŠุฏุง ููŠ ุฃูˆุฑูˆุจุง، ุขุฎุฑ ู…ุงูƒุงู† ููŠ ุฃุฑุฌู†ุชูŠู†ุง (- ูƒู„ ู…ุง ูŠุชุนู„ู‚ ุจุฃู„ู…ุงู†ูŠุง ุงู„ู†ุงุฒูŠุฉ)  ู†ุจุฐุฉ ู…ุฎุชุตุฑุฉ ุนู† ุงู„ุฏูˆุฑูŠ ุงู„ูŠูˆู†ุงู†ูŠ),  ู„ุง ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุญุซ ุนู† ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ" ููŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฏู…ุฌ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุณู†ูˆุงุช (ุณู†ูˆุงุช 60، 80، 80) ู…ุน ุงู„ู†ูŠุงูˆู†ูŠุฒ.


 * 1947-1948، ู‡ู†ุฌุงู‡ ู‡ุฑูŠููŠุช، ูƒู„ ู…ูˆู…ุจุงุชูŠ، ูƒุฑุงู‡ุง ู„ุนุฑุจูŠ ูู„ุณุทูŠู†  ู„ู‚ุฏ ูˆุตู„ุช ุฅู„ู‰ "ุงู„ู†ูŠุฒูƒ".


 * ุงู„ุฏูˆุฑูŠ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠ ุงู„ู…ู…ุชุงุฒ ู…ุน ู†ูŠูˆ ุจุฑูˆู†ุฒูˆูŠูƒ ููŠ ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒุง ูŠุจู„ุบ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู…ุฑ 60 ุนุงู…ًุง.  ุงู„ู…ุชุทุฑููˆู† ุงู„ูู„ุณุทูŠู†ูŠูˆู† ูŠุชุญุฏูˆู† ู…ู† ุฌุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† 60 ุฅู„ู‰ 60, ูƒู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุญุงู„ ู…ุน ุฅุณุฑุงุฆูŠู„  ู‡ุงูƒุณุจูŠุง ู‡ุงู†ุงุฒูŠ ูุฑุงู†ุณูˆุงู‡ ุฌูˆู†ูˆุฏ [ุฌูŠู†ูˆ ุฌูŠู†ูˆุฏ].  ู†ุณุฎุฉ ู…ู† ุฑูˆุจุฑุช ูƒูˆุฑุฏุฑูˆูŠ.   ู…ุฌุงู„ ุงู„ุจุญุซ ุนู† ุดุงุญู†ุงุช ูˆ/ุฃูˆ ุดุงุญู†ุงุช ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ู…ู† AH-70 ุฅู„ู‰ 80, ุจูŠู†: ุฃูˆุชูˆ ุฅุฑู†ุณุช ุฑุงู…ุฑ, L'Oeuvre Francaise, ูƒุงุฑู„ ู‡ุงูŠู†ุฒ  ู‡ูˆุจู…ุงู†، ุฃูˆุฏูˆ ุงู„ุจุฑูƒุงุช، ูˆูŠู„ูŠ ุจูˆู‡ู„ / ูˆูˆุณ (ุงุณู…ู‡ ุจุฏูŠ ุฅูŠ ุฏุจู„ูŠูˆ ุจู„ูŠุณ) - ู…ุงูƒุณ ุฃุจุฑู…ูˆุจุณูƒูŠ، ุฒุงู† ุฑูˆุจุฑุชุณ ุฏูŠุจูˆ، ุฒุงู† ุชูŠุฑูŠุงุฑุช، ุจูˆู† ูƒูŠู†ู‡،  ููˆู„ุชุฑ ูƒุงุณู„ - ุฃูˆูุฑูŠุฏ ​​ู‡ุจ، ู…ุงู†ูุฑูŠุฏ ุฑูŠุฏุฑ، ููˆู„ูƒุฑ ู‡ุงูŠุฏู„ ูˆูˆูƒูˆ.


 *  ู‡ู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุตุญูŠุญ, ุฃูŠًุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุฅุณุฑุงุฆูŠู„ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุณุงูุฑ ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ุฅู†ุชุฑู†ุช ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู…ุณู„ู…ูŠู† ุงู„ุนุฑุจ, ู‡ู„ ู…ู† ูƒู„ ูƒุณุงูƒุณ?  = 'ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠุฉ!'  / "ุงู„ู‚ู†ูˆุงุช ุงู„ุฅุณู„ุงู…ูŠุฉ" ุฌุฐุฑูŠุฉ!


 * ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎูŠุฉ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงู„ ูƒู„ ู…ู† "ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ" ูˆุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ุงู„ูŠู‡ูˆุฏูŠ ููŠ ุฏุฑุจุฒูŠู† 2001, ููŠ ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌ ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ูƒ  ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุญุฑุจ  ูˆู…ุน ุฐู„ูƒ، ูุฅู† ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฑูˆู†ูŠุง ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุฌุฑุงุซูŠู… ุจุณุจุจ "ู…ุถุงุฏุงุช ุงู„ููŠุฑูˆุณุงุช".


  * ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู„ุนุซูˆุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุฑุงุจุท ู„ู‚ู†ุงุฉ ุงู„ุชู†ุงุธุฑูŠุฉ ู…ู† "ุงู„ุฃูุฑุซุงูŠุฏ" ุจูŠุฏ ุฃุญู…ุฏ ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑ  1961 (ุฃุตุจุญ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุญุฏุงุซุฉ ุจุนุฏ ุฃู† ุฃุตุจุญ ู…ุฌุงู„ًุง ู„ู†ูŠูˆ-ู†ุงู†ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ููŠ ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ุจู†ูŠูˆ ูŠูˆุฑูƒ ุชูŠู…ุณ ููŠ 16 ุณุจุชู…ุจุฑ 1962، ููŠ ุนุงู… 1962)  ู…ุง ู‡ูŠ ุฃูˆููŠุง ููŠ ู…ุฌุงู„ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ - ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฅุจุฏุงุน ููŠ ุงู„ุดู…ุณ  ุฃูŠุถًุง "ุงู„ู‡ุฏุงูŠุฉ" ู‡ูŠ ูˆุณูŠู„ุฉ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ู„ูˆุณุงุฆู„ ุงู„ู†ู‚ู„ ู…ู† "ูˆุงุญุฏ ุฅู„ู‰ ุขุฎุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฅุณุฑุงุฆูŠู„" ู„ุชุฏู…ูŠุฑ ู…ุณุงูƒู†ูƒ)، ุฃูˆ ู…ุชุฌุฑ  ู…ุนุงุฏุงุฉ ุฅุณุฑุงุฆูŠู„ ู…ู† ุนู…ุฑ ุดุงูƒุฑ ู…ู†ุฐ 2010 ู†ูŠู„ ุฑุงูŠุฏุง  ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฌุงู„ ู‚ุงุฆู…ุฉ HRW ู„ุนุงู… 2021 ุชุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุชุญุณูŠู† ุญุงู„ุฉ ุฃูˆ ู…ูŠุฒุฉ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌ (ูƒู„ ู…ุง ุชุญุชุงุฌู‡ ู‡ูˆ ู…ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุฃูˆุฑูˆุจูŠ، ู‡ู†ุง)  ุดุนูŠุฑุฉ ุฐุงุช ู„ูˆู† ุฃุจูŠุถ ูˆุซู‚ุงููŠ ุฅุณุฑุงุฆูŠู„ูŠ,  ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐุง ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุงู„ุจู†ู‰ ุงู„ุชุญุชูŠุฉ) ูˆูŠุชูŠุญ ู„ูƒ ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ "ุฃูุฑุชุงูŠุฏ" ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุชู†ููŠุฐ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ.   ูƒู„ ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ูŠูˆุฏ ุงู„ูŠู‡ูˆุฏูŠ (ุฃูˆ ุฑูˆู†ุฒุง) ุฃูˆ "ุงู„ุฑุณูˆู… ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฑูƒุฉ" ู„ู€-BDS ู‡ูˆ ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠ ู…ูˆุณูˆุนุฉ ุฌูŠู†ูŠุณ  ู‡ู„ ุชุฑุบุจ ููŠ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ูุงู†ูŠ ูŠู‡ูˆุฏูŠ, ูƒู„ ู…ุง ุชุญุชุงุฌู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุฒู„, ุงู„ุงูƒุงุฏูŠู…ูŠุฉ, ูˆุงู„ูˆุธูŠูุฉ?


 * ุฑุญู„ุงุช ุทูŠุฑุงู†, ูƒู„ ู…ุง ุชุญุชุงุฌู‡ ู‡ูˆ ู…ุญุทุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุทุงุฑุงุช (ุงู„ุญุงูู„ุฉ, ุงู„ุณูŠุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ)  ู…ุณุชู„ุฒู…ุงุช ุงู„ู…ู†ุฒู„ ูˆุงู„ู…ู†ุฒู„ - ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุณุจ.


 * ู‡ู„ ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ู‚ูˆู‰ ู…ุนุงุฏูŠุฉ ู„ุฅุณุฑุงุฆูŠู„، ูˆู‡ูŠ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ุฏุจุงุจุงุช ุฅุณุฑุงุฆูŠู„ูŠุฉ ู…ุชุทูˆุฑุฉ، ู„ุชูƒุชุดู ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุฌุฏูŠุฏ، ูˆุงููŠู„ูˆ ู„ู…ุงู„ูŠุฒูŠุง  ู‡ู„ ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุฃู† ูŠุชุนุฑููˆุง ุนู„ู‰ ุทุงุฆุฑุชู‡ู… ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุชุฌูˆู„ู‡ู… ููŠ ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ؟


 * ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุญุฑุจ ุฃูˆ ุญุฑุจ "ู…ู‚ุงุชู„ุฉ" ุถุฏ ุฅุณุฑุงุฆูŠู„ ุณุชุณุงุนุฏูƒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ุชุงู„ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุฃูŠ ูˆู‚ุช ู…ุถู‰ ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุบุฒูˆูƒ  ุฅุณุฑุงุฆูŠู„ - ู…ุง ุฒุงู„ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ู‡ู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ู…ุณุชู„ุฒู…ุงุชู‡ุง, ููŠ ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุก ุงู„ุทู„ู‚, ู…ุณุชู„ุฒู…ุงุช ุจูˆู„ูŠู†ุฌ ุฃูˆ ูŠูŠุฑูŠ ุฒุงู‡ูŠุฉ  ุฃูˆูƒู„ูˆุณูŠู†?


 * 113 ูุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุณุทุญ ุงู„ู‚ู…ุฑ"ู…ู† ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุณุทูˆุฑ"  2015-2022 ููŠ ุนุงู… 2015-2022 ุงู„ุฅุฑู‡ุงุจ ุงู„ู…ุคูŠุฏ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุฅุฑู‡ุงุจ، ูƒู„ ู…ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ุจุฑูˆ-ูŠุชุฑ.


  * ุฃุฎูŠุฑًุง، ุชุทุจูŠู‚ ุชูŠูƒุชูˆูƒ (ู…ู† ุฃุจุฑูŠู„ 2021) ู…ู† ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู„ุนุงุจ ูˆุฃุดูƒุงู„ ุฌุจุงู„ ุงู„ุฃู„ุจ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู„ุนุงุจ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุจุฑุงู…ุฌ ู†ุฌุฏ ูŠู‡ูˆุฏูŠุฉ.  ุงู„ุจูŠุฑูˆุณูŠุงุช ูˆ(ุงู„ุฑูˆุจูˆุชุงุช) ููŠ ุงู„ุตูŠู† ูˆุงู„ุตุฑุจ  ุงู‚ุฑุฃ ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ"ู„. ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃูŠุถًุง ู…ุถุงุฏ ู„ู„ูƒุฑูŠูƒูŠุช (ุจุณุจุจ ูˆุจู‡ูˆุง) ููŠ ุงู„ุซู‚ุงูุฉ, ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฑุบู… ู…ู† ุฃู† ูƒุฑูˆุจูˆุงุช ู†ุงูŠุฑูˆ ุจูŠุฑูˆุฑ ูŠู‡ูˆุฏ ุฃูˆูƒุงูŠู…  ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู†ู…ูˆ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠ ู„ู„ุฃุฑุงุถูŠ.  ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ู„ุขู„ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุฎุตุตุฉ ุฃู† ุชุชุฎู„ุต ู…ู† ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ุจุนุฏ ูุชุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฒู…ู†.  ูƒู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุญุงู„, ู‚ู… ุจุชุฑูƒูŠุจ ู‚ุทุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุงุก ู…ู† ุฌุฏูŠุฏ ูˆุจูˆู…ุจุง ุนู„ู‰ ูŠุฏ ุงู„ูŠู‡ูˆุฏ.  ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ุง ูŠู…ูŠุฒ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ "ุงู„ุฃุตู„ูŠุฉ"  ู‚ุจู„ ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก, ููŠ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุทุงู.


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ืœื™ื‘ืช "ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš" ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ืงื ืื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช.


* ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืื– ืฉื”ืฉื™ื™ื—' ืกื•ืœื™ืžืืŸ ืืœ-ืชืื’'ื™ ืืœ-ืคืืจื•ืงื™ ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื™ืจ ืฉื ืื” ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘-8 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1913, ื•ื‘ื• ืขืจื‘ื‘ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืงื•ืจืื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืกื˜ืจื™ืื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื™ืฉื ื™ื (ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืกื’ื™ืจืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1914 ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืกืชื” ืœืฉื ืื” ื’ื–ืขื™ืช). ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืื’' ืืžื™ืŸ ืืœ-ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-20. ื”ืžื•ืคืชื™ ื’ื ื‘ื—ืจ "ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ" ื‘ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ื“ื ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช.


* ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช, ืขื ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ืจืฆื— ืขื, 1920, 1921 ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื˜ื‘ื— ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ 1929, ื”ื™ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืื“ื•ืงื™ื ืœื-ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื.


* ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1933, ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ื”ืžื•ืคืชื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืคื ื” ืœืžื•ืขืฆืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื•ื”ืฆื™ืข ื‘ืจื™ืช.


 * ืžืื™ 1933, ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ืœืœ ืืช ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ื›"ืืฆื™ืœื™" ื•ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืช ืจื“ื™ืคืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื.


* ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1933, ืขื™ืกื ื‘ื ื“ืง, ืขื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื•-ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ "ืกืื•ื˜ ืืœ ืฉืขื‘" ื™ืฆื ืœืคืจื™ื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื•ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืขืœ "ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ื ืืฆื™ืช" ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.


* ืื‘ืจื”ื™ื ื-ืฉืื ื˜ื™, ืฉื™ื™ืกื“ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ "ืขื“ ื“ื™ืคืืขื”" ื‘ืฉื ืช 1934, ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืคืจื•-ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ, ื•ืืฃ ืคืจืกื ื—ืœืงื™ื ืž"ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงืืžืคืฃ".


* ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ืคื“ืจืฆื™ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืžื™ืœ ืข'ื•ืจื™ ื‘-7 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1934: "ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ, ืื•ืชื• ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืžืขืจื™ืฆื™ื ืžืื•ื“".


* ืžืื™ 1935, ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื–ืจื• ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืžื•ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ื ื•ืขืจ ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”, ืจื›ื‘ืชื ืœืขืคื•ืœื” ื ืฉืื” ืฆืœื‘ ืงืจืก ื‘ื’ื™ืจ ืขืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ืงืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืžืชื—ืชื™ื• ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช "ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืžืขืœ ื”ื›ืœ".


* ื™ื•ื ื™ 1935, ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืคื” ืžืงื™ืžื™ื ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื ืืฆื™ ื‘ืฉื "ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ืื“ื•ื", ืฉืžื•ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ืืฆื™ื.  "ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื—ื•ืžื™ื ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื•ืช ื›ืขืช."


* 1936, ื”ืžื•ืคืชื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื’'ืžืืœ ืืœ-ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ื ื™ ื™ื™ืกื“ ืืช ืคื•ืชื•ื•ื” ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื ื•ืขืจ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ.


* 1936-1937, ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ "ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงืืžืคืฃ" - ืจื‘ ืžื›ืจ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.


* ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1937, ืขื•ื ื™ ืขื‘ื“ ืืœ-ื”ืื“ื™ ืžืืกืชื™ืงืœืืœ ืืžืจ ืœืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืืฆื™: "ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื ืืฆื™ื."


* 1937, ืœืงืจืืช ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ื‘ืœื•ื“ืืŸ (ืฉื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”), ื”ืžื•ืคืชื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ (ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืฉืืฉื™ื‘ื™ ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”) ืฉืœื— ืื–ื”ืจื” (ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”) ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช (ื›ื•ืœืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ) ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ืžืœื‘ื“ ืื—ืžื“ ืฉื•ืงื™ื™ืจื™ ืฉืžืกืจ ืืช ืžืกืจื™ื• ื‘ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ื‘ืœื•ื“ืŸ, ื”ืžื•ืคืชื™ ืฉืœื— ื’ื ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืžืœืืช ืฉื ืื” (ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื‘-18 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ืขืœื™ ืืœ-ื˜ืื”ืจ) ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืคืฆื” ืฉื.  ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื‘ื’ื™ื•ืก ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื‘ื•ืกื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืก ืืก ื‘ืฉื ืช 1943. ื–ื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™, ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืืฉืžื” ืฉืงืจื™ืช ืขืœ ืืœ ืืงืฆื - ื‘ื”ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช - ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื• ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื”ืžื•ืคืชื™ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืืกืœืืžื™ื™ื ืื• ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•, ื•ื›ืขืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคืจืฉื ื•ืชื•, ืœืฉื ืื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื™ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื.


* 1937, ื•ื•ืœื˜ืจ ื“ื•ืœื”, ืงื•ื ืกื•ืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื: 'ืœืขืจื‘ื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืื”ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ืœืคื™ื”ืจืจ ืฉืœื”...'


* ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1938, ื ืฉืฃ "ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™" ื ืขืจืš ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ, ื‘ื• ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื’ื ื›ืžื” ืžืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช.


* ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1938, ื›-100 ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืžืคืœืกื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ืจื ื‘ืจื’.


* 7-11 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1938: ื”ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ืจื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื”ื™ืจ, ืฉืื•ืจื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื—ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื, "ืœื”ื’ื ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืŸ".  ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงืืžืคืฃ ื•ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžื–ื•ื™ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ืงื ื™ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ - ื—ื•ืœืงื•.


* 26 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1938, ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ "ืืœ-ืฉื‘ืื‘" [ื”ื ื•ืขืจ] ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ืขืœื™ ืืœ-ื˜ืื”ืจ.

ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื• "ืืœืœื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืžืจื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ื•ืœื ืื•ืžื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื".


* ืžืื™ 1939, ืขื•ื ื™ ืขื‘ื“ ืืœ-ื”ืื“ื™ ืžืืกืชื™ืงืœืืœ, ื ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื ืืฆื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ.


* ื™ื•ื ื™ 1939, ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ื’'ื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื ืชืจ, "ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืŸ ื–ืžื ื• - ืื“ื•ืœืฃ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ".


* ื™ื•ืœื™ 1939, ืขื™ืกื ื ื—'ืœื”, ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืจื‘ ืฉื›ื˜ืจ ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืœื ื“, ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช.


 * ืจื“ื™ื• "ืงื•ืœ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื" ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ, ืฉื”ื—ืœ ืขื ื™ื•ื ืก ื‘ื”ืืจื™, ื•ื–ื›ื” ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืคืชื™ ืœืื—ืจ 1941. ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฉื ืื” ืฉืœื• ืฉื•ื“ืจื• ืžื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ, ื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืงืจื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื "ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืฉืจ ื”ื - ื–ื” ืจืฆื•ื™ ืœืืœืœื”".


* ืกืงืจ ืฉืขืจืš ืžืจ ืกืืจื™ ืกืืงืืงื™ื ื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1941 ืžืฆื ื›ื™ 88 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ื ืืฆื™ื.


* ืื—ืžื“ ืฉื•ืงื™ื™ืจื™ ื™ืขื™ื“ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืžืฉื ืช 1969: "ืื”ื“ืชื ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ."


* ืคืืจื•ืง ืงื“ื•ืžื™ ืžืืฉ"ืฃ ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘-7 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2013 ืฉื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืฉื ื™ื”ื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ืœืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช.


* 1941, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื (ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžืคืœืกื˜ื™ืŸ: ืื›ืจื ื–ื•ืื™ื˜ืจ ื•ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ืฉ ืืœ-ืžืงื“ื“ื™), ื”ืกื™ืชื• ืœื˜ื‘ื— ืคืจื”ื•ื“ ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1941 ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง, ืฉื ื™ืฉ ื”ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืืœืฃ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื ื”ืจื’ื•. ื”ื™ื” ืื•ื ืก ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื ื–ืจืงื• ืœืžื™ื ืžื•ืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื.


* ื”ืžื•ืคืชื™ ื”ื ืฉื•ื™ ื•ื”ืœื ืžื•ืกืจื™ ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” 1941-1945 ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ, ืžื•ืงืฃ ื‘ื ืฉื™ื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืกืฃ.


 * 1939-1944, ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช ื”ื ืืฆื™ ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, "ื‘ืืจื™ื“ ืืœ ืฉืจืง" (ื”'ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื˜ ืคื•ืกื˜', ืžืืช ื›ืžืืœ ืืœ ื“ื™ืŸ ืืœ ื’ืœืืœ) ืฉื›ืœืœ ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ื›ืžื•: ืฉื›ื™ื‘ ืืจืกืœืืŸ, ื”ืžื•ืคืชื™ ื•ื™ื•ื ืก ื‘ื—ืจื™.


* 1942 - ื”ืžื•ืคืชื™ ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืจืคื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืขืžืง ื“ื•ืชืŸ.


* ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1942, ื“ื•"ื— ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืขืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื ื˜ื™-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื ื—ืจืฆื™ื, ื”ืžืžืชื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืฆืจ ืจื•ื— ืœืจื•ืžืœ.


* 1943, ื”ืžื•ืคืชื™ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืจืฉื™ื“ ืขืœื™ ืืœ-ื’ื™ื™ืœืื ื™, ื‘ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื ืืฆื™ื, ืžื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื˜ืจื‘ื™ืŸ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืขื“ื™ ืจืื™ื™ื”, ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ - "ืžื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ".


* 1943 ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืœ-29 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ: ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคืชื™ ืงืจื ืœื ืืฆื™ื ืœื”ืคืฆื™ืฅ ืขืจื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘.  ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื‘-2 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ - ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื” ืœื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื‘ืœืคื•ืจ.


* ืื’ื‘, ืœื ืจืง ื”ืžื•ืคืชื™ ืขื‘ื“ ืขื ื”ื ืืฆื™ื. ื”ื™ื• ืื™ืชื• ื›-200 ืขืจื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืคืœืกื˜ื™ืŸ.


* ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื™ื•ืงืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืคืชื™ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืŸ ื’ื“ืœื” ืœืžื“ื™ - ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ืฉืžื—ืช ื”ืื—ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื.

ื”ื ืืฆื™ ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœืฉืžืฆื”, ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ืจืก (ืขื•ืžืจ ืืžื™ืŸ), ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืคืชื™ ื•ื”ืคืš ืœื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจื” ืชื—ืช ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื ื’ื™ื‘ ื•ื’ืžืืœ ืขื‘ื“ ืืœ-ื ืืฆืจ. ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืขื–ืจ ืœื ืืฆื™ ืืจื ืกื˜-ื•ื™ืœื”ืœื ืฉืคืจื™ื ื’ืจ ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืœืžืฆืจื™ื.


* 1945, ืœืงืจืืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื ื™ืจื ื‘ืจื’, ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ 'ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืŸ' ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื ืืฆื™ื–ื ืžืฉื•ื•ื” ื–ืืช ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืื—ืจืช.


* 1946, ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืจื’ ื‘ื ื™ืจื ื‘ืจื’, ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ: 'ืืœ-ื•ื—ื“ื”', 'ืืœ-ื“ื™ืคืื' ื•'ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืŸ' ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืขืจืฆื” ืœืคื•ืฉืขื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ืืฆื™ื ืฉื ื”ืจื’ื•.


* 1946, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื•ืคืชื™ "ืœื ื”ื•ืจืฉื” ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืคืœืกื˜ื™ืŸ, ื”ืœื™ื’ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืžื™ื ืชื” ืื•ืชื• ื›ืขืช ื›ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืŸ ืขื ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืฉื ืชื™ ืฉืœ 10,000 ืœื™ืฉ"ื˜".


* ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืคืชื™, ืื—ืžื“ ืฉื•ืงืจื™ (ืฉืกื™ื™ืข ืœื›ื ื•ืคื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืชื™ ืœืจืฆื•ื— ืืช ืื—ื™ื• ื“"ืจ ืื ื•ืืจ ืฉื•ืงืจื™ ื‘-8 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1939) ื•ืฉื•ืชืคื• ื’'ืžืืœ ืืœ-ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ื ื™, ื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื• ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื‘-1946.


* 1947, ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืžื’ื™ื™ืกื™ื ื ืืฆื™ื ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ, ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจืื•, ื›-1,000 ืžื”ื.


 * 1947, ืขื™ืกื ื ื—'ืœื” ืขื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืคืชื™ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”, ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืคืขืœ ื‘ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื” (- ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉื™ื‘ื— ืืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ื‘ืคืจืกื•ื ืฉืขืจืš ื›ืฉืขื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืœื™ื’ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช), ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื—ื–ืจ ืœืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ื”ืคื™ืฅ ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ืืจืกื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื (ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60, ื”-70 ื•ื”-80) ืขื ื ื™ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ื.


* 1947-1948, ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืžื•ืคืชื™, ืงืจืื” ืœืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืŸ ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืขื“ "ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ".


* ื”ืœื™ื’ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืขื‘ื“ื” ืขื ื ื™ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60. ื•ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื ืงืฉืจื• ืœื ื™ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60, ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ืขื ืื™ืฉ ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ื”ื ืืฆื™ ืคืจื ืกื•ืื” ื’'ื ื•ื“ [ื’'ื ื• Genoud]. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืงื•ืจื“ืจื•ื™.  ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื ืงืฉืจื• ืœื ืืฆื™ื ื•/ืื• ื ื™ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70 ื•ื”-80, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืžื•ืช: ืื•ื˜ื• ืืจื ืกื˜ ืจืžืจ, L'Oeuvre Francaise, ืงืจืœ-ื”ื™ื™ื ืฅ ื”ื•ืคืžืŸ, ืื•ื“ื• ืืœื‘ืจื›ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ ืคื•ื”ืœ / ื•ื•ืก (ืฉื ื‘ื“ื•ื™ E. W. Pless) - ืžืงืก ืื‘ืจืžื•ื‘ืกืงื™, ื–'ืืŸ ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ืก ื“ื‘ื•, ื–'ืืŸ ื˜ื™ืจื™ืืจื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื”, ื•ื•ืœื˜ืจ ืงืกืœ - ืื•ื“ืคืจื™ื“ ื”ืค, ืžื ืคืจื“ ืจื“ืจ, ื•ื•ืœืงืจ-ื”ื™ื™ื“ืœ ื•ื›ื•'.


* ืฉืืœื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื, ืื™ืœื• ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืืชื ื™ืช ืื• ืจื•ื‘ื ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื, ื”ืื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืกื›ืกื•ืš? = 'ื’ื–ืขื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ื™ืช!' / 'ืงื ืื•ืช ืืกืœืืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืช' ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ืช!


* ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžื•ืœื“ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื›ืœืœ ืœ"ื’ื–ืขื ื•ืช" ื•ื”ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ื”ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2001, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ืจืืชื” ืืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืžืจื” ืฉืœ ื’ื–ืขื ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ "ืื ื˜ื™-ื’ื–ืขื ื™ื".


 * ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ืชืง ืงื ืื•ืช ืžื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืฉืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ "ื”ืืคืจื˜ื”ื™ื™ื“" ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ืžื“ ืฉื•ืงื™ื™ืจื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1961 (ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืงื™ื“ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื ื™ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ืช ื•ืฆื™ื˜ื˜ ืืช ื”ืžืืžืจ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก ืž-16 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1962, ืืฉืจ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืื•ืคื™ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” - ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœืฉืžืฆื” ื’ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช "ื”ื•ื“ืื”" ืจืฆื—ื ื™ืช ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืฉ"ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืœื ื™ืฉืจื•ื“" ืœืงืจืืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื), ืื• ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื”ืื ื˜ื™-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ืžืจ ืฉืืงื™ืจ ืžืื– 2010 ื•ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืœืจืขื” ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช HRW ื‘ืฉื ืช 2021 ื‘ืฉืœ ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ื–ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื–ื™ื•ืฃ ืื• ื”ืฆื’ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื’ื•ื™ื” (ื›ื•ืœืœ ืคื—ื“ ืืžื™ืชื™ ืžื˜ืจื•ืจ ืขืจื‘ื™, ื”ืฆื’ืช ื—ื‘ืจื” ืจื‘-ืฆื‘ืขื™ืช ื•ืจื‘-ืืชื ื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื’ื•ื™ื”, ื›ืื™ืœื• ื›ื•ืœื ืœื‘ื ื™ื) ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”"ืืคืจื˜ื”ื™ื™ื“" ื›ืš ืฉืชืชืื™ื ืœืชืขืžื•ืœื” ืฉืœื•.  ื›ืžื” ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข (ืื• ืจื•ืฆื”) ืื• "ืคืขื™ืœื™" ื”-BDS ื•ื“ื•ืžื™ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื™ื—ืก ืžื•ืขื“ืฃ ื ืจื—ื‘ ืœืขืจื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ ืžืฉืคื˜, ื‘ืืงื“ืžื™ื”, ื‘ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ื•ืขื•ื“?


* ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ, ื”ื›ื—ืฉืช ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ืžื–ื•ื™ืคื•ืช (ืžืœืื•ืช ืฉื ืื”, ืžืžื ื™ืข ื’ื–ืขื ื™) ืœืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ื•ืœืืžืฆืขื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ - ื”ื›ืœ ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช.


* ืื ื™ืฉ ืืžืช ื‘ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ืงื ืื™ืช ืื ื˜ื™-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ืื– ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื‘ืš, ืœืกื›ืŸ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื”, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื–ืขืจ ืืช ื”ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื ืจื•ื“ืคื™ื ืื—ืจ ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื?


* ืื ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืื• "ืคืขื™ืœื™" ืื ื˜ื™-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื“ืื’ื• ืœื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืฅ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ - ืื– ืžืชื™ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื ื’ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื›ืžื’ื ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื, ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ, ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ืื• ื™ืจื™ ืžืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฆืคื•ืคื™ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืŸ?


* 113 ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื ืจ"ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 2015-2022 ืขืกืงื• ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืคืจื•-ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ืคืจื•-ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ.


 * ืื’ื‘, ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืงื˜ื•ืง (ืžืื– ืืคืจื™ืœ 2021) ืžืฆื“ ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืงื‘ืœืช ืืœืคื™ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืŸ ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืื“ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉ(ืจื•ื‘ื) ืื™ื ื ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืืฃ ืžืกืจื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืจืช ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ. ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช (ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”) ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ืฉืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ืจืื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืื“ื•ืงื™ื ื›ืืœื”. ื”ื’ืจื•ืข ืžื›ืœ ื”ื•ื, ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ื— ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ื™ื ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ืœืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื”ืฉื’ืจื” ื”ื—ื•ืœื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื ืจืฆื—ื™ื. ืžื” ืฉืฉื•ื‘ ืžืจืื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ื”"ื’ื–ืขื ื™ืช" ื”ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงืจื•ื ื™.



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Sunny Hostin = AKA Hypocrisy, and progressive at that

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Sunny Hostin = AKA Hypocrisy. Sunny Hostin has long been a prominent voice on issues involving sexual misconduct allegations and the treatment of accusers. In October 2018, while discussing the confirmation battle over Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh, Hostin drew criticism after arguing that "a woman's word is enough," a statement opponents said conflicted with traditional due process principles. The comment in essence says that accusations alone should carry decisive weight when evaluating misconduct claims. (Kristine Marsh, "ABC Legal Analyst Sunny Hostin Argues Against Due Process: 'A Woman's Word is Enough!'", MRC NewsBusters, October 11, 2018. [https://archive.is/kn2OU]) Eight years later, that same Hostin has applied a different standard to Democratic Maine Senate candidate Graham Platner. In June 2026, Hostin stated on "The View" that she would "hold my nose" and vote for Platner despite a growing list of ...
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Did Trump see the disastrous MoU before agreeing to it?

 It's entirely possible that Trump, the "Art of the Deal" master, never saw the details of the MoU --brokered by fake "friends" Qatar/Pakistan-- before blindly placing his confidence in JD Vance. Yet virtually no one argues that this deal is good for America. There is broad consensus across Republicans, Democrats, conservatives, and many others that the sole beneficiary would be Iran's oppressive regime and its jihadist proxies. No one believes that the $300 billion would simply be spent on "reconstruction." Just like the regime has been doing with Obama's cash release for its annihilation nuclear program, ballistic missiles, shahed drones and other destructive weaponry; maintain and boost its jihadi proxies in Yemen, Lebanon, Iraq, Gaza, Africa, etc; spread its diabolic ideology globally; sent gangs in Europe on terror or/and murderous spree, plots and violent operations targeting dissidents and opponents abroad and attacking US and its allies...
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